And chemists discovered a number of compounds that seemingly could not be broken down into other substances. Physicists began to realize that the properties of matter (such as heat) were the result of tiny moving particles. But in the eighteenth century the emerging fields of physics and chemistry began to provide concrete evidence for their existence. The question of whether or not atoms were real remained a philosophical one for the next 1,500 years. These entities were called “atoms,” from the Greek atomos, meaning indivisible. first century BC) suggested that if you divide an object into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually you would arrive at an entity that could no longer be divided. This search began in the ancient world, when philosophers such as Democritus (460–370 BC), Epicurius (341–270 BC), and Lucretius (fl. One of the oldest goals of science has been to understand the fundamental structure of matter. Historical Background and Scientific Foundations While the standard model represents a stunning success of the methods of modern physics and stands as a monument to the complex interplay between theory and experiment, it still leaves many questions about the nature of matter unanswered. One of the crowning achievements of twentieth-century physics is the standard model of particle physics, an attempt to construct a complete description of all fundamental particles that exist in the universe and their interactions with one another. Physics: The Standard Model, String Theory, and Emerging Models of Fundamental Physics Introduction
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